altitude (Hemery 1998)—notably at Arslanbob in Jalal-Abad Province.

English Walnut is a large deciduous tree attaining heights of 25–35 m, and a trunk up to 2 m diameter, commonly with a short trunk and broad crown, though taller and narrower in dense forest competition. It is a light-demanding species, requiring full sun to grow well.

The bark is smooth silvery-grey, with scattered broad fissures with a rougher texture. Like all walnuts, the pith of the twigs contains air spaces. The leaves are spirally arranged, 25-40 cm long, odd-pinnate with 5–9 leaflets, the largest leaflets the three at the apex, 10–18 cm long and 6–8 cm broad; the basal pair of leaflets much smaller, 5–8 cm long. The male flowers are in drooping catkins 5–10 cm long, the female flowers terminal, in clusters of two to five, ripening in the autumn into a fruit with a green, semi-fleshy husk and a brown corrugated nut. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in autumn; the seed is large, with a relatively thin shell, and edible, with a rich flavour.

Cultivation and uses
The English Walnut was introduced into western and northern Europe very early, by Roman times or earlier, and to the Americas by the 17th century. Important nut-growing regions include France, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania in Europe, China in Asia, California in North America, and Chile in South America. It is cultivated extensively for its high-quality nuts, eaten both fresh and pressed for their richly flavoured oil; numerous cultivars have been selected for larger and thin-shelled nuts.

The wood is also of very high quality—similar to American Black Walnut—and is used to make furniture and rifle stocks.

Nutritional value
100 g shelled walnuts provide:

• 15.2 g protein
• 65.2 g fat:
• 6.1 g saturated fat
• 8.9 g monounsaturated fat
• 47.2 g polyunsaturated fat
• 13.7 g carbohydrates, including 6.7 g dietary fiber
• 0.34 mg Thiamin
• 0.54 mg Vitamin B6
• 98 µg Folate
• 3.4 mg Manganese
• 1.6 mg Copper
• 158 mg Magnesium
• 346 mg Phosphorus
• 3.1 mg Zinc

Etymology and other names
The scientific name Juglans is from Latin jovis glans, "Jupiter's nut", and regia, "royal". Its common name, Persian walnut, indicates its origins in Persia in southwest Asia; 'walnut' derives from the Germanic wal- for "foreign", recognising that it is not a nut native to northern Europe.

Other names include Walnut (which does not distinguish the tree from other species of Juglans), Common Walnut and English Walnut, the latter name possibly because English sailors were prominent in Juglans regia nut distribution at one time. In the Chinese and Korean languages, the edible, cultivated walnut is called "Hu peach," suggesting that the ancient Chinese associated the introduction of the English walnut into East Asia with the Hu barbarians of the regions north and northwest of China.

Folklore
In Skopelos, a Greek island in the Aegean Sea, local legend suggests that whoever plants a walnut tree will die as soon as the tree can "see" the sea. This has not been proven as fact, however it might take some time to find a local arborist willing to take on the job of planting a walnut tree. Most planting is done by field rats (subfamily Murinae).